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Understanding Arthritis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options
Arthritis is one of the most common chronic health conditions worldwide, affecting millions of people across diverse age groups, backgrounds, and lifestyles. While many people associate arthritis solely with older adults, the truth is that it can affect anyone—even children. Despite its widespread impact, arthritis is often misunderstood, leading to delayed diagnosis, inadequate treatment, and preventable disability.
Arthritis is an umbrella term describing over 100 different conditions characterized by inflammation, pain, and stiffness in the joints. It is not a single disease but a broad category that includes a variety of joint-related disorders, each with unique causes, symptoms, and treatment needs.
The two most common forms are:
Osteoarthritis (OA) – often referred to as “wear-and-tear arthritis.”
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) – an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks the joints.
Other well-known types include psoriatic arthritis, gout, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
Arthritis can affect nearly any joint in the body, including the knees, hips, wrists, shoulders, hands, and spine. In severe cases, it can lead to permanent joint damage and disability, significantly impacting quality of life.
The Most Common Types of Arthritis
1. Osteoarthritis (OA)
Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent form, affecting millions, particularly older adults. It occurs when cartilage, the cushioning tissue between bones, gradually breaks down. As cartilage wears away, bones may rub together, causing pain, stiffness, and swelling.
Osteoarthritis Symptoms include:
Joint pain that worsens with activity, Stiffness – especially in the morning, Reduced joint flexibility, Bone spurs (bony growths around the joints), Grating or clicking sounds during movement
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder. In RA, the immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium—the lining of the joints—leading to inflammation, joint damage, and systemic symptoms. Unlike osteoarthritis, RA can affect internal organs such as the lungs, heart, and eyes.
Rheumatoid arthritis Symptoms include:
Joint pain on both sides of the body (symmetrical pattern), Warm/ swollen/ tender joints, Morning stiffness lasting longer than 30 minutes, Fatigue, fever, and weight loss, Progressive joint deformity.
3. Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA)
Psoriatic arthritis affects some people with psoriasis, a skin condition characterized by red, scaly patches. PsA can cause joint inflammation along with skin symptoms.
Psoriatic arthritis Symptoms include:
Swollen fingers and toes (“sausage digits”), Nail changes like pitting or lifting, Lower back pain, Fatigue, Joint pain accompanied by psoriasis flare-ups
4. Gout
Gout is caused by high levels of uric acid in the blood, which form sharp crystals in the joints.Lifestyle factors—such as diet and alcohol consumption—can increase the risk of gout flares.
Gout Symptoms include:
Sudden, severe pain (often at night), Swelling and redness, Tenderness in a single joint (often the big toe), Episodes called “gout attacks.
5. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
JIA affects children under 16 and involves persistent joint inflammation lasting longer than six weeks.Early treatment is essential to prevent long-term complications.
6. Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS)
This inflammatory arthritis primarily affects the spine and pelvis. Over time, it can cause vertebrae to fuse, leading to reduced flexibility.
Symptoms include: Chronic lower back pain, Stiffness, especially in the morning, Pain that improves with activity, In severe cases, a hunched posture.
Causes of Arthritis
The causes of arthritis vary widely depending on the type. Some forms are inherited, while others are triggered by infections, injuries, lifestyle factors, or autoimmune reactions.
- Genetics and Family History
- Aging is one of the strongest risk factors for osteoarthritis
- Autoimmune arthritis: develops when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues
- Joint Injuries
- Certain bacterial or viral infections
- Metabolic disorders such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome
Get Expert Treatment Options for Arthritis
If you are experiencing persistent joint pain, stiffness, or symptoms of arthritis, don’t wait for the condition to progress.
Book a consultation with our expert Arthritis Specialist at EMC Hospital Batala today and take the first step toward pain-free living.
FAQs About Arthritis
What are the early signs of arthritis?
Early signs of arthritis include joint pain, mild swelling, stiffness (especially in the morning), reduced range of motion, and discomfort during or after movement. In autoimmune arthritis, symptoms like fatigue, low-grade fever, and symmetrical joint pain may appear early.
Is arthritis the same as joint pain?
Not always. Joint pain is a symptom, while arthritis is a condition that causes joint inflammation. Joint pain can result from injury, strain, or infection, whereas arthritis involves chronic or recurring inflammation requiring long-term management.
Is joint cracking a sign of arthritis?
No, cracking or popping joints (crepitus) is usually harmless. Arthritis occurs when cartilage wears down or inflammation develops. However, if cracking is accompanied by pain, swelling, or reduced movement, a medical examination is recommended.
Can exercise help with arthritis pain?
Yes, regular exercise is highly beneficial for arthritis. Low-impact activities like walking, swimming, cycling, yoga, and stretching strengthen muscles, improve joint flexibility, and reduce stiffness. Always consult a specialist before starting new exercises.
What foods should I avoid if I have arthritis?
People with arthritis should limit processed foods, sugary drinks, red meat, fried foods, excessive salt, refined carbs, and alcohol. For gout specifically, avoid purine-rich foods such as organ meats, shellfish, and alcohol, especially beer.
How is arthritis diagnosed?
Doctors diagnose arthritis through a combination of physical examination, blood tests (like ESR, CRP, RF, and anti-CCP), imaging tests (X-rays, MRI, ultrasound), and sometimes joint fluid analysis.
